syringe model and the two-step, flow model, was the ‘long-term’ effect model. This model suggests that media may influence us in many ways that are hard to measure and have long term effects on our attitudes, creating new ideas or reinforcing our original ones rather than changing opinions we already have. Cumberbatch carried out a study where he analysed all programmes broadcasted on all four channels, in four separate weeks between May and September 1986. The primary unit for counting was the violent act; he quoted “a coherent uninterrupted sequence of actions involving the same agents in the same role”. Cumberbatch found that 30% of programmes contained some violence. The overall frequency was 1.14 violent acts per programme, 1.68 acts per hour, where each act lasted approximately 25 seconds and so therefore occupying just over 1% of T.V time. However he claimed that if boxing and wrestling were excluded, the average duration would be 13 seconds and if verbal threats were to be included than the average frequency would rise to 1.96 acts per hour. He found that most violence was shown in spy, fantasy, war detective, crime and thriller programmes, and less violence on quiz shows and chat shows plus non-contact sports. However he claimed that injuries from violent acts were rare. 26% of occasions, violence resulted in death but 61% no injuries were shown as the victims simply showed pain or were shocked. Title: The Love Affair With The Bad Guy - Gangster Movies Word Count: 484 Summary: When you were a kid, did you ever watch these old black and white gangster movies with the sharp suits and the sharper dialogue? If so, who did you cheer for - the clean cut good guy, or the gangster with the cutting one-liners and the complete lack of respect for authority? If it was the latter, don't worry - you're not alone, and when you look at the gangster movie genre in more detail, you can begin to understand why. For instance, if you've ever seen the two films that... Keywords: movies, television Article Body: When you were a kid, did you ever watch these old black and white gangster movies with the sharp suits and the sharper dialogue? If so, who did you cheer for - the clean cut good guy, or the gangster with the cutting one-liners and the complete lack of respect for authority? If it was the latter, don't worry - you're not alone, and when you look at the gangster movie genre in more detail, you can begin to understand why. For instance, if you've ever seen the two
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